The Ethics And Ethical Ethics - 1739 Words

Since the turn of the 4th Century BC, the study of ethics and ethical behaviour has occupied human thought, with various philosophers exploring the fundamental issues of practical decision making, determining the nature of normative theories (Aristotelian virtue ethics), and applying these principles to pragmatic moral issues. Approximately 2040 years ago, Aristotle published, what is considered to be the foundations of modern day ethics and ethical frameworks, the â€Å"Nicomachean Ethics†. Through this publication, Aristotle analyzes the significance virtues have on a well-lived life, by acknowledging that ideal character traits outline a virtuous person, with these traits being â€Å"derived from natural internal tendencies, needing nurturing;†¦show more content†¦Contrary to this, Deontologists who would explore what our moral duty is. They would state that the unborn infant is inevitably permitted to the same rights and moral considerations that any human being is already authorized to. Which means, that it has at first glance the right to life, and violating that right is going to demand a great reason that in shows in this situation the Fetus’ right to life (Metapop, 2013). The third ethical framework of the Catholic Church is Natural Law; which explores the virtue and/or moral character of the person based on reason, along with revelation carrying out an action, rather than at ethical duties and rules, or the consequences of particular actions. Natural Law in Catholicism refers to human nature, and what it means to be a human being, which Catholics believe is conceiving child through love, not science (shc.edu, 1995). Thomas Aquinas, the creator of Natural Law, calls it â€Å"right reason† when one will make judgments which are consistent with one’s human nature, encouraging human prosperity the natural way- â€Å"to do good, and avoid evil.† (shc.edu, 1955). These ethical frameworks apply and relate to the topic of abortion, as people are often unclear on whether or not the process of abortion is moral or immorally wrong. For the most part Catholicism believes abortion to be wrong, based on the framework of non-consequentialism/deontology

Immanuel Kant s Moral Theory - 872 Words

Immanuel Kant once argued that the rightness or wrongness of actions does not depend on their consequences but on whether they fulfill our duty. Which translates to do we as humans do things not because there s an underlying consequence but because we are programed to do these things whether they are right or wrong. I disagree with this theory because I believe we as humans do things based on an internal moral compass within ourselves that helps us determine whether things are right or wrong. Kant believed that certain actions that are usually prohibited, brings the person a sort of happiness other than the alternative. His theory can be identified as deontological moral theory which the rightness or wrongness of actions does not depend on their consequences but on whether they fulfill our duty. I refute this theory because I believe that when we commit certain acts we are doing them with the underlying understanding of the consequences that come with it. Although some people might argue that when we commit certain offences we are not aware of any consequences. Our choices matter greatly because when you commit an action for example you played with your friends favorite item and you break it, some might argue that you didn t know that the ultimate result would be you breaking the item. But my belief is that when you commit this action ultimately you should have known that the end result might be you harming the item. There might not have been a bad intention behind yourS how MoreRelatedKant And David Hume Views On The Matter1457 Words   |  6 Pagesresult in choices that lead to an individual to both reason and feel some sort of emotion. Objectively speaking, there is a no fine line between reasoning and how one feels, however there seems to be a distinct difference between the philosophers Immanuel Kant and David Hume views on the matter. Both are life changing philosophers with very opposing views. One sees the feelings in human nature while the other seems to see nothing but rationality. One can argue both are used but according to these twoRead MoreLying, By Jeremy Bentham1613 Words   |  7 Pagesdeception. Jeremy Bentham who is a British philosopher in the 1700’s and early 1800’s believed in the principle of utility otherwise known as utilitarianism. Jeremy Bentham thinks it’s permissible to tell a small lie because in the long run Bentham is looking for the ultimate amount of happiness. Bentham believes in the greatest happiness for the greatest number. As long as an act brings more happiness than disappointment then that act is moral. One situation may be three friends found out something thatRead MoreDeontology Is An Ethical Theory900 Words   |  4 Pagesregardless of gender. The theory of deontology has defined and developed the meaning of equal within society. However, it has been a slow process. Miscommunication and misunderstanding to the meaning of gender equality is responsible for personal and social tyranny. Happiness, fairness, and dignity have risen from social roles, poverty, and health reform that defined the message to the question of what i t means to be equal and unequal among men and women using the deontology theory as this essay willRead MoreImmanuel Kant s Ethical Theory1527 Words   |  7 Pagesassess whether one s actions are just and whether we can truly make the right decision based on any ethical framework. An ethical structure such as Universalism, is most often associated with Immanuel Kant. Immanuel Kant was a philosopher of German descent, who lived from 1724- 1804 and was most notable for his work in ethics. Kant suggest that one should assess whether an act is right or wrong by weighing if it is honest, fair , respectful and just. Due to Immanuel Kant s frustration with theRead MoreImmanuel Kant And The Ford Pinto Case991 Words   |  4 Pages Immanuel Kant and The Ford Pinto Case Immanuel Kant ¶s theory on morals states that  ³nothing can possibly be conceived in the world, or even out of it, which can be called good, without qualification, except a good will. ´ 1 Kant points to other human qualities such as courage, intelligence, wit and others that are  ³undoubtedly good and desirable, ´ 2 however, can become bad if the will of the person using them is not good. Kant maintains that in order for an action to be considered moral, itRead MoreKantian Ethics And The Categorical Imperative Essay1581 Words   |  7 Pagesof Kantian Ethics and critiques In Elements of Pure Practical Reason Book, I, Immanuel Kant, a prominent late Enlightenment Era German philosopher discusses his most famous ethical theory, the â€Å"Categorical Imperative.† The â€Å"Categorical Imperative† is a proposed universal law in stating all humans are forbidden from certain actions regardless of consequences. Although this is the general definition of this ethical theory, the Categorical Imperative† exists in two above formulations, A strict interpretationRead MoreShould We Be A Good Grade?1612 Words   |  7 Pagessomeone in the end? Most of time these questions are answered based on beliefs: morals. Should I cheat on this test in order to get a good grade? What if I didn’t have the opportunity to study because you have to work every night in order to pay bills and if you don’t get a good grade then you lose your scholarship; is it right then? The answer is neither right nor wrong. The answer, is your answer; it is based off of your morals, your ethics. Scientologist, Raymond Baumhart, asked the question, â€Å"What doesRead MoreImmanuel Kant And Kant On Morality1097 Words   |  5 Pagesthere are two which are usually compared to one another, Immanuel Kant and David Hume. Immanuel Kant had many theories throughout his philosophical time. Here are some of his ethical works, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785), the Critique of Practical Reason (1788), and the Metaphysics of Morals (1797), which contains both â€Å"the Doctrine of Right† and â€Å"the Doctrine of Virtue.† He also had some other works of importance to his moral philosophy including the Critique of the Power of JudgmentRead MoreThe Metaphysic Of Morals By Immanuel Kant1199 Words   |  5 PagesGroundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals by Immanuel Kant: A Reflection and Analysis Author name Name of institutionâ€Æ' In man’s attempt to figure out what is right or wrong, they have developed a number of systems that purportedly deal with such matters. Immanuel Kant expanded on his moral philosophy in his work, Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals. This paper will be a reflection upon Kantian ethical principles presented therein and their relation to what is generally called morality. PeopleRead MoreDuty Ethics Vs. Utilitarianism1441 Words   |  6 Pagesethical theories I will discuss are from the works of Jeremy Bentham (utilitarianism), and Immanuel Kant (duty-ethics). These philosophers outlined two different theories of moralphilosophy. Bentham utilitarian theory focus on the moral rightness. His belief is that everyoneshould perform that act which will bring about the greatest amount of good over bad for everyone affected in any given situation. Kant’s theory and my personal preference of the two theories focus on the moral duty/obligation

Hillary Clinton s Stance On Women s Rights - 1090 Words

Hilary Clinton is a strong and effective choice to serve as a messenger and manager of women’s rights globally. She has proven herself as a fierce advocate for women’s rights due to her strong and consistent record of effectively championing women’s rights, economically and politically. She has remained consistent throughout her career as an advocate for gender equality, human rights, and women’s rights policies. Throughout her time in the Senate, she advocated women’s rights and used her status around the world to shine a light on issues of importance for women and girls. Hillary Clinton’s unwavering stance has supported that women lives are just as valuable as any other lives, women’s rights are human’s rights, and anything less is unacceptable. Hilary Clinton understands that the world needs to recognize the unfair injustice being committed against women’s rights. She chooses to speak out, instead of remaining si lent. The world must understand and recognize that in the fight for justice, by remaining silent and turning a blind eye, which is considered the same as supporting injustices. Hillary Clinton suggested in her speech the world should no longer ignore the wrongs being globally committed against women, around the globe in today’s society, the issues of inhumanity and injustices are rising as the value on women lives declines. Hilary Clinton was invited to speak at the United Nations Fourth World Conference of Women on September 5, 1995,where delegates fromShow MoreRelatedPresidential Election And Issues Of America Essay1620 Words   |  7 Pagesmarijuana particularly, same-sex marriage, the construction of a wall near the southern border, and medical marijuana.This essay aims to display the arguments/stance that each presidential candidate has towards such issues, Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton, and serves as an analysis of their determined stance. To determine Donald Trump s stance on immigration,particularly the construction of a wall on the southern border, it is wise to analyze articles in order to see his thoughts on such as issueRead MoreHillary Clinton s Impact On Society1166 Words   |  5 Pages Hillary Clinton has been referred to as one the most influential women in history, not only has she made her mark on policy issues, she has been the voice and leader for many feminist movements and continues to push the issue of progress for all. Although Hillary Clinton is one of the most covered politicians and women figures in the world, there is no denying her impact on society, and it is something that should be discussed with the public. Hillary Clinton began to receive notoriety when sheRead MorePro Life And Pro Choice Essay1915 Words   |  8 PagesRawls and Nagel would support Hillary Clinton’s stance on abortion in a secular society, regardless of certain comprehensive doctrines, if we are to call the state just and rational. If we were to consider that women were rational beings, as we should, then rationally the issue of abortion would not be a dilemma. Since we live in a pluralistic society where all citizens comprehensive doctrines are free to be heard, this issue of pro-life and pro-choice becomes a controversy. This creates tensionRead MoreThe Presidential Election For The First Time1579 Words   |  7 PagesThis November I get to exercise my constitutional right to vote in the presidential election for the first time. This opportunity is something that I have looked forward to for a very long time. I’ve developed a rather heavy interest in politics over the past year or so, and have been ac tively following the race to the presidency between Clinton and Trump. But despite my interest in politics, I have been rather quiet on Facebook about my political beliefs and my feelings on this election. While thisRead MoreNARAL Case Study855 Words   |  4 Pagesrecognizing the basic human right of a woman to limit her own reproduction, is dedicated to the elimination of all laws and practices that would compel any woman to bear a child against her will. To that end, it proposes to initiate and co-ordinate political, social, and legal action of individuals and groups concerned with providing safe operations by qualified physicians for all women seeking them regardless of economic status.† (https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=NARAL%20Pro-Choice%20America)Read MorePresidential Elections And The Presidential Election1247 Words   |  5 Pageswon while Hillary Clinton the primary Democrat candidate who was the former sectary of state ran and lost. Not only was there a fi ght between the different parties, there also was fighting among each other and in individual parties. Many parties had many different views on the issues of today world. They both made many different promises on each issue. When it came to domestic issues the primary two parties agreed and disagreed on many things such as when it came to induvial rights. They bothRead MoreDonald Trump s Presidential Election Essay1361 Words   |  6 PagesDonald Trump is a transparent, honest politician; however, this is only part of the equation. Belief in the Trump Mythology contributed to his victory, but it is also important to acknowledge the respective roles of demographics, voter turnout, and Hillary Clinton’s flaws. An interesting difference between the Kennedy Mythology and the Trump Mythology that is worth noting is the role of the media. Throughout the Kennedy Era, popular media fed the people’s fascination of Kennedy’s Camelot, perpetuatingRead MoreWhite House Press Secretary Josh Earnest By Donald Trump1239 Words   |  5 PagesDonald Trump s run for presidency brings faithful supporters, angry critics, and a plethora of headlines. Supportive followers ignore the plentiful reasons t hat deem Trump unfit for presidency. For example, on several occasions comments and statements made by Trump paint him as sexist and racist. In addition, Trump shares similarities with Adolf Hitler, an unsettling realization. However, those who support Donald Trump argue that his economic experience as well as his honesty outweigh the long listRead MorePolitical Ideology Is More Or More An Outline Of A Voters Political Morals And Beliefs922 Words   |  4 Pagesvote. The two prime ideologies in America are conservatives and liberals. Conservatives want limited government when it comes to making fiscal and moral decisions, and big government when it comes to enforcing Christian values such as denying equal rights for marriage and the removal of abortion. Other conservative views include believing in individual self-reliance, tradition, laws and morality, low taxes and social affairs. While Liberals largely support justice and equality, and oppose governmentRead MorePolitical Framing As Used By Presidential Candidates1442 Words   |  6 PagesTHESIS: Political framing, as used by presidential candidates in the 2016 election, may determine the outcome of an election rather than the actual qualifications or stance on issues of the candidates themselves. The 2016 presidential election totes probably the most controversial presidential race in the history of the United States. In an attempt to sort through the rhetoric and cover, a citizen may be left perplexed at which candidate to vote for. The claims of both parties show inconsistencies

Journal Applied Mathematics And Statistics -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Journal Applied Mathematics And Statistics? Answer: Introduction In this section, we present the methodology as well as the procedures that were employed to ensure that study became a success. The section is categorised into the following subsections: 1) sample selection, 2) survey instrument, 3) data collection, 4) data analysis, and 5) limitations. Subject Selection The population in this study was college students in Australia. Due time and financial constraint, a small sample size of 20 was set for the survey. Questionnaires were administered to the students where they were given to fill in as the researcher watches from a distance. Once they had filled, the researcher took and just numbered. Ethical considerations of the research were adhered to and the participants were told they were at liberty to stop the study whenever they felt they needed to. Instrumentation Questionnaires were used to collect data for this study. A closed ended questionnaire was prepared by the researcher for the purpose of the study. A copy of the questionnaire has been attached in appendix A1. Data Collection Since the sample required for this study was small, the researcher conducted this study alone without involving any research assistant. The participants were given questionnaires to fill by themselves. The total time taken to fill the questionnaire was estimated to be less than 7 minutes. Data Analysis Once all the questionnaires had been filled up, data was entered into excel spreadsheet for analysis purposes. Statistical tests such as Chi-Square and t-test were used to test the hypothesis of the study. Limitations The main limitation of this study is the fact that a small sample size was used. The population validity of a small sample is very low as such making it difficult to make generalizations out of this survey (Pearl, 2015). Demographic profile of the customers We started by looking at the basic demographic profiles of the participants in the study. There were 9 males (45%), and 11 females (55%) students participating in this study, as illustrated in figure 1. From the 20 respondents, the ages of the students ranged from 18 to 25 years old. As can be seen, majority (20%, n = 4) of the participants were aged 23 years old. 5% (n = 1) was aged 21 years old. Table 1: Age of the students interviewed Row Labels Count of Age Percent 18 2 10% 19 3 15% 20 3 15% 21 1 5% 22 2 10% 23 4 20% 24 3 15% 25 2 10% Grand Total 20 100% Race From a total of 20 respondents, majority (80%, n = 16) were Whites while 15% (n = 3) were Asian and 5% (n = 1) were Blacks. Table 2: Frequency table for the participants race Row Labels Count of Race Percent Asian 3 15% Black 1 5% White 16 80% Grand Total 20 Most preferred social media Participants were asked whether they use social media, apparently all of the participants said to be using social. The next question was for the participants to state their most preferred social media. Majority of the participants said to prefer Facebook (45%, n = 9) followed by Instagram (40%, n = 8). Twitter had a favourite following of 15% (n = 3). Table 3: Most preferred social media Row Labels Count of Most preferred SM Percent Facebook 9 45% Instagram 8 40% Twitter 3 15% Grand Total 20 100% Thought of leaving social media Respondents were asked whether a thought of abandoning social media has ever criss-crossed their mind. 20% (n = 4) said yes while majority (80%, n = 16) said. Of those who said yes, they mainly mentioned wastage of time in the social media platform as the reason as to why they have thought of leaving social media. Table 4: Preferred shopping method Row Labels Frequency Percent Yes 4 20% No 16 80% Grand Total 20 100% Descriptive statistics Participants were asked to state how much time they spend on social media. On average, students said to spend 3.15 hours a day in the social media. The most frequent time was 2 hours while the median time spent in social media was found to be 3 hours a day. See table 5 below. Table 5: Descriptive statistics Hours spent in Social Media in a day Mean 3.15 Standard Error 0.385766496 Median 3 Mode 2 Standard Deviation 1.725200217 Sample Variance 2.976315789 Kurtosis -1.30425839 Skewness 0.290248521 Range 5 Minimum 1 Maximum 6 Sum 63 Count 20 Hypothesis Testing We tested three hypothesis in this study. The first hypothesis test was performed on the sample data to test whether there is significant association between gender of the student and the most preferred social media. A Chi-square test of association was performed to check the association between the two variables (Bagdonavicius Nikulin, 2011). Table 6: Most Preferred Social Media * Gender Cross tabulation Count Gender Total Male Female Most Preferred Social Media Facebook 6 3 9 Instagram 2 6 8 Twitter 1 2 3 Total 9 11 20 Table 7: Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 3.165a 2 .205 Likelihood Ratio 3.252 2 .197 N of Valid Cases 20 a. 6 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1.35. A chi-square test of independence was performed to examine the relation between gender and most preferred social media. The relation between these variables was insignificant, p 0.05. The second hypothesis test was conducted on the sample data to test whether the average amount of time spent on social media in a day varied between the males and the females. Table 8: t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances Female Male Mean 4 2.111111 Variance 2.4 1.861111 Observations 11 9 Pooled Variance 2.160494 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 18 t Stat 2.859121 P(T=t) one-tail 0.005213 t Critical one-tail 1.734064 P(T=t) two-tail 0.010425 t Critical two-tail 2.100922 An independent samples t-test was done to compare the mean amount of time spent on social media (David Gunnink, 2007). Results showed that the males (M = 2.11, SD = 1.36, N = 9) had significant difference in terms of the mean amount of time spent on social media in a day when compared to the females (M = 4.00, SD = 1.55, N = 11), t (18) = 2.859, p .05, two-tailed. The difference of 1.89 showed a significant difference. Essentially results showed the female participants on average spend more time on social media in any day as compared to the male participants. The third and the last hypothesis sought to test whether there is significant difference in the amount of time spent on social media for the different types of social media. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to test this. Table 9: ANOVA Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Facebook 9 25 2.777778 2.694444 Instagram 8 22 2.75 2.5 Twitter 3 16 5.333333 0.333333 Table 10: ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 16.82778 2 8.413889 3.600909 0.049672 3.591531 Within Groups 39.72222 17 2.336601 Total 56.55 19 A one-way between subjects ANOVA was conducted to compare the effect of social media type on amount time spent in the social media. There was a significant effect of type of preferred social media on amount of time spent at the p .05 level for the three conditions [F(2, 17) = 3.60, p = 0.0497]. Post hoc comparisons using the Tukey HSD test indicated that the mean amount of time spent on Twitter (M = 5.33, SD = 0.58) was significantly different than the Facebook (M = 2.78, SD = 1.64) and Instagram (M = 2.75, SD = 1.58). Specifically, our results suggest that twitter users spend longer time as compared to either Facebook or Instagram users. Conclusion In this study, we sought to understand the social media usage among college students. 20 students took part in the survey and ended up responding to the questionnaires they were given. Results showed that most preferred social media platform was Facebook, followed by Instagram and last was Twitter. In regard to whether there was association between gender and most preferred social media platform, it was noted that there was no significant association between the two variables. However, we noted that there was significant evidence that the female students spend more time on social media as compared to the male students. Recommendations The research described above focussed more on understanding the patterns in the social media usage among the college and specifically looking at how the time spent on social media compare between the male students and the female students. Overage, the students were found to spend about 3.15 hours on social media. The research however did not find out when exactly the students use the social media. It would be necessary to advise the students not to mix their class work with social media as this might have negative impact on their studies. The students should use social media when they are free and not when the classes are going on. Future research should focus on understanding the impact of social media use among the college students on their academic performance. References Ahn, J., 2011. The Effect of Social Network Sites on Adolescents Social and Academic Development: Current Theories and Controversies. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 8(62), p. 14351445. Bagdonavicius, V. Nikulin, M. S., 2011. Chi-squared test of association between two categorical variables. The International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, pp. 30-50. Croy, L., 2015. Woolies dumps flyer points. David, H. A. Gunnink, J. L., 2007. The Paired t Test Under Artificial Pairing. The American Statistician, 51(1), p. 912. DeAndrea, D. et al., 2012. Serious social media: on the use of social media for improving students' adjustment to college. Internet and Higher Education, 15(4), pp. 15-23. Derrick, B., Toher, D. White, P., 2017. How to compare the means of two samples that include paired observations and independent observations. The Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 13(2), p. 120126. John , A. R., 2006. Mathematical Statistics and Data Analysis. Lenhart, A., Madden, M., Macgill, A. R. Smith, A., 2007. Teens and social media. Pew Internet and American Life Project. Pearl, J., 2015. Generalizing experimental findings. Journal of Causal Inference, 3(2), p. 259266. Saris, W. E. Gallhofer, I. N., 2014. Design, evaluation and analysis of questionnaires for survey research. Urista, M. A., Dong, Q. Day, K. D., 2009. Explaining why young adults use MySpace and Facebook through uses and gratifications theory. Human Communication. 12(2), p. 215 229. West, A., Lewis, J. Currie, P., 2009. Students' facebook 'friends': public and private spheres. Journal of Youth Studies, 12(6), pp. 615-627.